Lower Vascular Plants Lower vascular plants include divisions Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta. Division Lycophyta includes club mosses and ground pines. Sporophytes of these have stems covered with small, scaly leaves. Sporangia appear on the upper surface of the leaves and are structures that produce spores. Lycopods have small leaves that each contains one vein that brings water to the leaf from the roots and carries away extra food. Division Sphenophyta is made up of horsetails …showed first 75 words of 576 total…

…showed last 75 words of 576 total…The flower is an example of a modified leaf. The reproduction of flowering plants relies on the wind or animals to transport pollen grains. Seeds develop inside the ovaries which grow from female flower parts. Flowering plants use double fertilization which is when the one of the sperm from the pollen tube fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with two nuclei near the egg. The new nucleus develops into endosperm tissue (seed's food supply.)