At some point in the novel, each of the major characters expresses anxiety over her inability to reconcile her Chinese heritage with her American surroundings. Indeed, this reconciliation is the very aim of Jing-mei's journey to China. While the daughters in the novel are genetically Chinese (except for Lena, who is half Chinese) and have been raised in mostly Chinese households, they also identify with and feel at home in modern American culture. Waverly, Rose, …showed first 75 words of 539 total…

…showed last 75 words of 539 total…reunited with her half-sisters, gains an even more profound understanding of who her mother was. Jing-mei is representative in other ways as well. She believes that her mother's constant criticism bespeaks a lack of affection, when in fact her mother's severity and high expectations are expressions of love and faith in her daughter. All of the other mother-daughter pairs experience the same misunderstanding, which in some ways may be seen to stem from cultural differences.